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MCS Essay

MCS Essay MCS Essay Using Greg Philo’s article ‘Children and Film/Video/TV Violence’ (1999) and other work of the Glasgow Media Group, explore how these researchers set out to prove that media representations have clear and measurable effects on audiences. In other words what are the methods they use to prove their hypothesis? This essay will explore the different opinions and debates that various researchers have accounted on the effects of extensive violent media exposure and how it is changing the ways in which society functions today. It is crucial to consider that, â€Å"whether people’s actions appear rational or reasonable will depend very much upon how the world in which the actions are occurring is portrayed and understood.† Eldridge (1995: 295) This applies greatly to children and adolescents as the media content in which they are exposed to can influence their ideas on what behaviours are socially acceptable or unwelcome. By looking at work from the Glasgow Media Group, and other researchers that challenge their theories, this essay will set out to analyse the various opinions on violent media content and the social effects that they are believed to have. The professional and academic team of researchers that form the Glasgow Media Group have accounted a variety of different effects that the media has on individuals through extensive methodologies such as case studies. Some focus around the news media genre and the influences that their reports have on audiences’ opinions regarding political issues, whilst others touch on the reasoning behind the decline of the British economy. However broad the issues, the main aim of the Glasgow Media Group is to understand how people perceive the world of the media and how they channel this into their perception of reality. Throughout their works, the group focus predominantly on two forms of research, textual analysis and audience analysis, allowing for a well-rounded unbiased account of information in order to prove credibility to their hypotheses. In this case, the main topic of interest is the increasing appeal that violent imagery has on the youth today. The portrayal of violence in the media has caused great concerns over aggressive behaviours and copycat crimes that have been inspired by the increasing exposure of violent imagery through various media forms. Using a variety of different methods such as surveys and questionnaires, the Glasgow Media Group examined children’s behaviour changes through extensive media exposure and additionally, recorded the teachers’ and parents’ observations to the children’s behaviour patterns. The main aim of the article, ‘Children and Film/Video/TV Violence,’ is to research the links between media violence and the increasing appeal that it has on the youth today. In order to do so, the Glasgow Media Group considered the three key environments where young people develop and exchange ideas, these being, their home, school and social circles. By basing their research within these surroundings, the media group are more likely to receive honest responses’ as the children will feel comfortable within these familiar environments. With the aid of organisations such as the Parenting Educational Support and the Professional Association of Teachers (PAT), the group were able to collect extensive research on children (with no particular violent background) that had been exposed to violent media content. Their behaviour patterns were observed by the teachers over extensive periods of time and recorded. The teachers accounted that children devote a considerable amount of time to television and video games containing violent imagery and when questioned, hundreds agreed that this posed harmful in the development of their vulnerable and easily influenceable minds. The outcome being, that young peoples responsiveness to violence is glorified if it is portrayed in a ‘cool’ way. Therefor, causing children to â€Å"recall the violent [imagery] with enthusiasm and enjoyment.†

Thesis proposal about antibiotic resistance pathogens in fomities Dissertation

Thesis proposal about antibiotic resistance pathogens in fomities - Dissertation Example Few pathogens exhibit resistance to antibiotics. Genes that confer resistance to drugs can however be transferred between microorganisms (Hawkey and Jones, 7). This transfer can occur through three different ways namely; transformation, transduction or by conjugation. This transfer makes many bacteria to develop resistance. Antibiotic resistance can, therefore, occur naturally. In this natural occurrence, the causative gene becomes shared between organisms in close proximity of one another (Birgit Strommenger, 3). In such occurrence, the bacteria cannot be exposed to treatment. Exposure to antibiotics at this stage can cause evolutionary stress which leads to the development of the resistant trait. Plasmids can be defined as DNA molecules separate from the chromosomal DNA with the ability to replicate on their own (Abad and R M Pintà ³, 65). Most antibiotic resistant genes reside within these plasmids. The ability of plasmids to replicate independently makes it extremely difficult t o kill the microorganisms residing in them. Some organisms possess several resistant genes. Multidrug resistant is the formal name given to such organisms. Informally, they can be referred as superbugs. Executive summary This is a research based proposal which seeks to explore into the area of antibiotic resistance by commonly found infectious bacteria. ... The factors which aid the pathogens in the spread have also been put into consideration within this proposal. Introduction The extensive use of antibiotics in modern day medical treatments has brought about many challenges into the field of medicine. Several microorganisms when exposed to these drugs develop resistance to the drug. This in turn translates to a difficult dilemma to medical practitioners. The only way to treat these infections is through exposing them to drugs. This exposure, however, makes them develop resistance to the same drugs (Hawkey, 4). This proposal explores the various pathogens which have developed this trait. The role of these pathogens in Hospital Acquired Infection and the transmission routes for the pathogens are also evaluated. Causes of antibiotic resistance Numerous reasons have been cited for the widespread resistance to antibiotics in modern medicine. The extensive use of antibiotic in modern medicine has been one of the major contributors to this e merging trend. Overreliance on antibiotic has been a leading factor to the development of multidrug resistance among pathogens (Hawkey and Jones, 7). The multidrug resistant pathogens have also become prevalent between many bacterial species which did not previously exhibit these characteristics. This can be attributed to the ability of certain bacteria to transfer the resistant gene to others. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics by both doctors and patients alike has been quoted as the major cause of drug resistance. Other factors have been the addition of antibiotics into animal feeds, and fraudulent practices among the manufacturers within the pharmaceutical industry. There is a need for the individuals

Issues Proposal Guidelines Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues Guidelines - Research Proposal Example The issue reflects across all races and ethnicities, as well as, the countries since the causative agents are diverse. Child labor also has adverse effects on the health and individual development of the child, in addition to the impact on the larger society and nation as a whole. According to the International Labor Organization conventions, child labor entails the activities of work in which children participate yet they should not be doing so since they are too young to work. Further, it also covers the aspects such as dangerous work, which is unsuitable for the children even when they are old to work (Choppara 11). It is notable that not all work is child labor as children particularly the adolescent have the obligation to assist in the work at home setting, as part of their personal and individual development into responsible beings. Thus, the issue of child labor occurs where there is exploitation of the children, with maltreatment as either slaves or involvement in activities that endanger their lives (Choppara 21). Consequently, the issue proves remarkably grave in regions where it combines with related social issues such as insecurity, lack of peace and stability and poverty. It is notable that child labor continues to reflect as a major concern in m any parts of the world. The issue of child labor in its entirety deprives the children their childhood, their potential and their dignity and is harmful to the physical and mental development of the child. The child labor activities are mentally, physically, socially and morally negative and dangerous to the child, and it interferes with the normal development environment expected for the child (Schmitz, Elizabeth & Desi 27). It deprives the child many of their childhood rights, including the major right to get an education. A key concern about the issue of child labor is that it denies the child the opportunity to go schooling

Business Law - Intellectual Property Rights Research Paper

Business Law - Intellectual Property Rights - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to analyze intellectual property rights in detail. The pioneer of intellectual property law was the patent law, passed through a congress majority in 1790 (UCSC, 2005). The 1970 intellectual property law had similar legal undertones as European patent law. The law stipulates that owner of a property has the exclusive right to access and use the said property (Petersen, 2011). Intellectual property laws, despite raising many controversies, help to nurture global economic growth. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) estimates some companies have over 40% of their asset base as intellectual property in terms of copyrights, patents and trade secrets (UCSC, 2005). As a result, intellectual property law is gaining popularity in business today. Intellectual property laws is a set of limited rights given by law as patents, trademarks, industrial designs, for products and services and copyright for literary and artistic works. Intellectual property rights offer state protection to creative works, and allow the originators to profit from them for a stipulated period of time (Singer & Schroeder, 2010). The laws also have a broader role of encouraging future innovators share their inventions with the world. Patents are the commonest of all intellectual property laws. Patents permit an individual to make, use, and sell a creation for 20 years. The government also provides protection and inimitability on the product (UCSC, 2005). However, the applicant must expose the details of what they seek to protect. A copyright, restricts the number of copies that can be prepared of a writing or work of art without approval, it lasts 70 years after a persons lifetime (Hooker, 2006). A copyright is an stress-free form of safeguard of intellectual property. As soon as somebody creates an artistic work, copyright law comes into effect, and violators can undergo prosecution. The copyright law

The Process of Literary Translation

The Process of Literary Translation 2.1 Literary Translation Translation process is an artistic communication between the author, the translator and the reader and the words used by the translator constitutes the major part in the process of communicating ideas or feelings of the author. Literature is both the condition and the place of artistic communication between senders and addressees or the public (Basnett,2002) The translator is the first one who must comprehend, read and interpret the source text then to render it in a different medium. Literary translation includes fiction,poetry, drama and the language arts must be taken into consideration by the translator. The purposes of the translator are to transfer the information but also to create an equivalent form of art. The beauty of the translators work is that they bring a great contribution to the creative process being recognized as part of the literary world. The literary translator must therefore possess a great knowledge of both the TL culture and language and the SL culture being able to command tone, style to glean meaning for ambiguity and to identify with the authors style and imagination. Literary texts are characterized by rhetorical and aesthetic value. There is a strong connection between form and content within literary text while the non literary text the content is separated from the structure. Translation problems and solutions 2.1.1 Basic concepts First of all it is clear that every book is different and it presents its own problems.For this reason the translator of literary fiction is the one who makes most of the critical decisions when it comes to produce the best translation.It is thought that sometimes it is more important to create a translation that can evoque the spirit and particular energy of the original rather than making a translation faithful to the original. Usually this is the main concern of a translator because one may think that taking these liberties may be seen as unprofessional.The new work, the new translation is actually an interpretation of the original therefore it is not mandatory to preserve literal words and phrases in order to be faithfull to the ST.On contrary,, translators are encouraged to use their creative abilities to adapt the original text. Translators maust take risks when it comes to render a good translation in order for the readers to understand the writer s message.This could not be achieved by following word for word translation because it would not stimulate the interest of the readership. A literary translator must have the skills to transmit feelings, culture, nuances, humour and other elements of the masterpiece. According to Sachin Ketkar in the field of Literary Translation, the central problem is to find the TL equivalence for features of the original as style, genre, figurative language and historical stylistic dimensions, polyvalence, connotations as well as denotations,cultural items and culture specific concepts and values 2.1.2 Titles Title of a book, an article, or a newspaper is the element which captures the attention of the public. The title is nowadays a commercial decision and sometimes a complete change is required in a translators activity in order to attract the world of consumers, readers. The decision of changing or adapting a title must be made tough based on the content of the specific text. One of the cases where the title was kept in the translated text as original is the case of Sandra Smith-the one who translated the book la suite Francaise- who decided to keep the title in French despite the fact that she was skeptical about the acceptance of her translation in the American narket.However the book was a great success in UK AND US.in 2007. The Italian Levi Primo did not agree to change the title of his books. The title of one of his books If this is a man was an integral part of the book, but it was changed in the American edition into Escape from Auschwitz a title which he considered inappropriate and vulgar. La chiave a stella another book of the Italian writer was published in US under a new title The Monkeys wrench which was not suitable because the title refered to a certain shape and the apostrophe changed its sense. Gill Paul in his book states that relying on a literal translation for a title is a common mistake because the translator may select a misleading title which may affect the readers reaction. Literary translators should be creative when it comes to decide for the best title when translating a book. 2.1.3 Stylized language Translating a text can be a real challenge when the specific text was written in a particular style a long time ago.Even contemporary writers may have a style which can pe problematic for a translator.The problem is if the translator decides to update the text in order to make it accessible, thereby may loose distinctive use of vocabulary and other characteristics of the original text. Nobody would expect to read Shakespeare in Modern English because it would loose its beauty. Gill Paul suggests some advice in order to render a proper translation.He states that if the author of a book is still alive, it would be wise to actually get in touch with the artist in order to obtain a better understanding of its masterpiece.Unfortunately this option is not always available, therefore translators must become in other words the artists who can recreate a new style but to have the same effect that can be percepted by the readership. Translators must often become their own critics in order to obtain the correct mood, tone and style with the original. Sometimes, certain feelings can influence the style of a text which it would be a negative part of a translator;s work.For this reason, translators should always keep an objective attitude towards their work, sometimes changing the direct speech into indirect speech or sometimes they can leave the passage out. Something will have been lost but the important thing is that translation should not call attention to itself because it can ruin the readers experience of the book (Gill Paul) Strong language I personally find bad language very difficult to translate as literal translation.Translators tend to ignore the strong language because they are not comfortable with it.In some cultures, swearing is a more common activity than any other thing.In English-speaking countries, bad language is considered less acceptable. The main problem is that sometimes there is no equivalent which can match the other culture, language to be translated. Robert Chandler had encountered bad language when translating the Russian text The Railways Curses and swearwords present a particular problem for translatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦our lexicon of abusive language is oddly limited and the more flared curses still common in Russian tend to sound laughable if translated at all literally He suggests simplifying the words by having our own perception of the essence of the bad words in the other culture. Swear words function as vehicles of self expression. There are three ways to translate the strong language. The most effective method which cannot always be used is to find the words equivalent in the TL, but swearwords are sometimes culturally derived and they have no perfect equivalence or perfect translation. Another way to translate the bad language is to rephrase the term, which means avoiding the word in question, not always faithful to the original text. Translating word by word is another way to translate the bad language but it does not always match the meaning of the word itself. Translators must deal with censorship and must choose between translating the text as it is worded or adjusting it to reflect the speech patterns of the TL. Translators agree that is not professional to omit specific words based only on ethical or moral grounds.The text itself is not targeted towards them therefore they should not take it as offence and it is in their best interest to provide a faithful translation. Colloquialisms In this area the, the most important issue with slang is the selection of the appropriate terms. G.Paull states that in this area it can be a question of getting exactly the right translator for the job .He also describes the profile of the suitable translator for colloquialism: Translators with a good working knowledge of colloquialism, dialect and slang in the native country, who can get across the meaning and help to come up with equivalents that are appropriate, do not jar with the reader and most importantly, do not date. Translators must be sensitive to the culture and colloquial differences of different countries.

Anyone lived in a pretty how town :: Literary Analysis, E.E. Cummings

â€Å"Anyone lived in a pretty how town,† by E.E. Cummings, is a poem that alludes to the circle of life and how birth and death are a natural part of this cycle. This meaning is conveyed by a complex metaphor; broken down, this metaphor slides away to reveal the true social commentary behind it. This poem is an allegory; the speaker uses pronouns with unclear antecedents to mask the true meaning and add poetic flair to the simple belief he or she presents. The first poetic device the speaker uses to convey his or her meaning in this poem is the unorthodox grammar and sentence structure. The poem starts with the lines â€Å"anyone lived in a pretty how town / (with up so floating many bells down)† (1 – 2). In this case, this improper grammar reinforces the point that is the story of â€Å"anyone† (1). As such, the â€Å"how town† (1) represents the fact that the name of the town does not need to be specified, as this happens to everyone in every town. The speaker therefore alludes that the events of this poem are natural and they happen to anyone anywhere. E.E. Cummings deliberately uses â€Å"anyone† (1) and â€Å"no one† (12) as pronouns with ambiguous antecedents to generalize the poem’s meaning to society and all people in it. In this way, the speaker uses these thoughts as social commentary. The speaker also manipulates time to bring out his or her message. Lines 3, 8, 11, 21, 34, and 36 all contain some order of either â€Å"spring summer autumn winter† (3), as in lines 11 and 34, or â€Å"sun moon stars rain† (8), as in lines 11, 21, and 36. As the order of these seasons changes, it indicates the passage of time. This manipulation of time draws attention away from these lines and towards the lines with deeper meaning hidden within. However, there is another form of time: the progression of life. The speaker comments on the growth of children in terms of their maturity levels and how as they get older, children tend to forget their childish whims and fancies and move on. He or she says that they â€Å"guessed (but only a few / and down they forgot as up they grew† (9-10). He or she then goes on to say that â€Å"no one loved [anyone] more by more† (12), hinting at a relationship in development, foreshadowing a possible marriage.